Chakwan Siew C, Strock S, Ristic H, Kang P, Chou H-N, Chen J-W, Frantsve-Hawley J, Meyer DM. 2009. Assessing a potential risk factor for enamel fluorosis: A preliminary evaluation of fluoride content in infant formulas. Journal of the American Dental Association 140(10):1228-1236. Abstract available.

This study assessed fluoride content in infant formulas and fluoride exposure resulting from infant formula consumption. The authors found that, if infants receive primarily infant formulas that are reconstituted with fluoride-free or low-fluoride (0.5 ppm) water, they likely will not ingest adequate quantities of fluoride. The findings suggest that infants' fluoride intake is influenced more by the water used to reconstitute infant formulas than by the formulas themselves.

Sriraman N, Patrick PA, Hutton K, Edwards KS. 2009. Children's drinking water: Parental preferences and implications for fluoride exposure. Pediatric Dentistry 31(4):310-315. Abstract available.

This study interviewed parents of children (ages 6 months to 15 years) seen in pediatric settings in Valhalla, New York, about their children's drinking water. Of 194 parents, 134 (69 percent) gave their children bottled water exclusively or in combination with tap water. Bottled water use was not significantly associated with primary source of tap water (municipal or well), parent education, insurance plan, or household income. Reasons for use of bottled water included (1) fear of contaminants in tap water; (2) taste of tap water, smell of tap water, or both; and (3) convenience of bottled water. Over 65 percent of parents whose children consumed bottled water reported that they did not know if their bottled water contained fluoride.

Bailey W, Barker L, Duchon K, Maas W. 2008. Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water -- United States, 1992-2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57(27):737-741. Abstract available.

This report provides an update on fluoridation in the United States and describes progress toward the Healthy People 2010 objective. Fluoridation data for the period 1992-2006 from the 50 states and the District of Columbia were analyzed. In 2006, the Healthy People 2010 target had been met by 25 states and the District of Columbia. Overall, approximately 184 million persons served by community water systems received fluoridated water; of that number, approximately 8 million received water with sufficient naturally occurring fluoride concentrations. During 1992-2006, 39 states reported increases and 10 states reported decreases in the percentages of their populations served by community water systems with optimally fluoridated water.

Macek MD, Matte TD, Sinks T, Malvitz DM. 2006. Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, 1988-1994. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(1):130-134. Abstract available.

Macek et al. conducted an analysis to test possible associations between water fluoridation method and blood lead (PbB) concentrations in children ages 1-16 using a representative sample and addressing some of the limitations of earlier studies. The findings do not support concerns that silicofluorides in community water systems increase PbB concentrations in children.

Griffen SO, Jones K, Tomar SL. 2001. An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 61(2):78-86. Abstract available.

Griffen et al. assessed the local cost savings resulting from community water fluoridation, given current exposure levels to other fluoride sources. On the basis of the most current data available on the effectiveness of fluoridation, caries increment, and the cost and longevity of dental restorations, the authors found that water fluoridation offers significant cost savings

Rozier RG, ed. 1996. Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Water Fluoridation, Grand Rapids, Michigan, September 1995. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 56(5):233-300. Abstracts available.

This special issue discusses the history of water fluoridation; fluoridation and the private practice of dentistry; the status of and strategic plans for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention fluoridation programs; disputes over fluoridation; the effectiveness of community water fluoridation in the United States; the results of fluoridation in Ireland and in Basel, Switzerland; the impact of fluoridation on dental practice; the future of recombinant DNA technology in oral medicine; and the future of dental curricula.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports 44(RR-13):1-40.

This document provides background information on the role of water fluoridation in prevention of dental caries, and presents recommendations on fluoridated public water supply systems for communities and schools. The recommendations cover administration, monitoring and surveillance, technical requirements, and safety procedures. References and a glossary are included.

American Dental Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. Nature's way to prevent tooth decay: Water fluoridation (rev. ed.). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Chicago, IL: American Dental Association.

This brochure, developed for the general public, explains the benefits of community water fluoridation. Contents include statements from the American Dental Association, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. Surgeon General; information on the safety, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of community water fluoridation; and key points. Also available in Spanish.

Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors. 2003. Community water fluoridation: A state best practice in dental caries prevention. Jefferson City, MO: Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors.

This publication provides an overview of community water fluoridation, including a review of the scientific evidence and program cost-effectiveness, a discussion of national recommendations, and examples of how several state public health agencies are striving to ensure optimal community water fluoridation coverage.

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. 2009. Community water fluoridation. Arlington, VA: Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

This position statement provides an overview of community water fluoridation, including a review of the scientific evidence and program cost-effectiveness, a discussion of national recommendations, and examples of how several state public health agencies are striving to ensure optimal community water fluoridation coverage.

Easley MW. 2005. Vermont consumers' guide to community water fluoridation: A question and answer guide for citizens, public officials, and the media. Burlington, VT: Vermont Department of Health.

This guide for consumers decribes the value of community water fluoridation. Selected topics include what community fluoridation is and and why it is important, community water fluoridation throughout the United States, the benefits and cost savings of fluoridation, and claims made by opponents of fluoridation.

South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Division of Oral Health. 2009. Community water fluoridation. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Division of Oral Health.

This fact sheet presents information on community water fluoridation in South Carolina. Topics include the causes of tooth decay, the adverse impact of tooth decay on child and adult health, and the importance of community water fluoridation in preventing tooth decay.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
Use of Fluoride

American Dental Association
Fluoride and Fluoridation

Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors
Best Practice Approach Report—Use of Fluoride: Community Water Fluoridation
Fluoridation and Fluorides

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• My Water's Fluoride
• Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS)