3.5 Tooth Conditions and Abnormalities, continued

Hyperdontia

Hyperdontia (excess teeth) may be present in a young child. The excess teeth are called supernumerary (extra) teeth. Hyperdontia is more common with permanent teeth but can also occur with primary teeth. Hyperdontia can usually be diagnosed after radiographic assessment. Delayed tooth loss or eruption may be a sign of hyperdontia.

Hypodontia and Anodontia

	Fig 9. Ectodermal Dysplasia

Numerous hereditary syndromes include congenitally missing teeth as a characteristic. One or several teeth may be missing (hypodontia), or all the teeth may be missing (anodontia) (e.g., in individuals with ectodermal dysplasias). Ectodermal dysplasia involves defects in two or more tissues derived from the ectoderm — skin, hair, teeth, nails, and sweat glands. Dental management of hypodontia or anodontia often involves the use of fixed and removable prostheses to replace the missing teeth to enhance oral function and appearance.[5]

Hypoplasia

	Fig 10. Hypoplasia

A disruption during tooth development may affect the enamel. Generally such a disruption is referred to as hypoplasia (insufficient and/or irregular quantity of enamel). Tetracycline can cause enamel hypoplasia when taken during pregnancy or by an infant or young child during tooth development. Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy or by children ages 8 and under.

In addition, Vitamin D deficiency during tooth development and calcification results in enamel and dentin hypoplasia. The enamel is poorly calcified and may fail to form at all in some areas. In the dentin, areas of uncalcified dentin may result.

Fluorosis

Fluorosis (hypomineralization of the enamel) is a type of hypoplasia caused by ingesting excessive quantities of fluoride during tooth development. Mild fluorosis causes the teeth to have a white, spotted, or lacy appearance. Severe fluorosis results in the enamel being markedly hypomineralized; the enamel may be brown in color and has a propensity to break and excessively wear.[5]

Fig 11. Mild Fluorosis		Fig 12. Moderate Fluorosis		Fig 13. Severe Fluorosis

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